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Guinness Foreign Extra Stout (FES) is a stout produced by the Guinness Brewery, an Irish brewing company owned by Diageo, a drinks multinational. First brewed by Guinness in 1801, FES was designed for export, and is more heavily hopped than Guinness Draught and Extra Stout, and typically has a higher alcohol content (at around 7.5% ABV), which gives it a more bitter taste. The extra hops were intended as a natural preservative for the long journeys the beer would take by ship. FES is the Guinness variant that is most commonly found in Asia, Africa and the Caribbean, and it accounts for almost half of Guinness sales worldwide. In 2011, over 4 million hectolitres of the beer were sold in Africa, where Diageo intend to grow the product into the continent's highest selling beer.〔(Diageo Annual Report 2012 )〕 Guinness Flavour Extract, a dehydrated, hopped wort extract made from barley malt and roasted barley, is used for overseas production of the stout. The syrup is shipped from Ireland, where it is added at the ratio of 1:49 to locally brewed pale beer. In most overseas markets, Guinness Flavour Extract (GFE) is blended with locally brewed beer to produce FES. In the 1960s, FES was marketed in Nigeria as "gives you power". This was updated for 1999-2006 with the Michael Power campaign, which aired across Africa. The beer is ranked highly on beer rating websites, while beer critics have varying opinions. ==History== In 1801, Guinness West India Porter, the direct predecessor of Foreign Extra Stout, was first exported from the St. James's Gate brewery in Dublin. The product was formulated for Irish immigrant workers in the Caribbean. The beer was only brewed between October and April, which reduced acidification, and was matured in large wooden vats for up to two years, which gave the finished product greater stability. To survive the long journey overseas, which was then taken by ship, it was brewed with extra hops and a higher alcohol content, which acted as natural preservatives for the beer.〔 Exported in barrels, the product was then bottled locally, which helped to reduce costs. The first recorded shipment of the beer to the United States was in 1817.〔 In 1827, the first official shipment of Guinness on the African continent arrived in Sierra Leone. The beer was renamed Foreign Extra Stout from around 1849 onwards. The first recorded exports to South East Asia began in the 1860s. At the turn of the twentieth century, FES accounted for around 5 per cent of all Guinness production, with two thirds destined for Australia and the United States, where it was largely used as a medicinal product.〔〔 Australia remained the single largest export market for the product until 1910, when it was eclipsed by the United States.〔 Due to the expense of importation, FES was a premium product, selling for double the price of domestic stouts.〔 By 1912, total production had reached 105,000 hogsheads.〔 The American trade was disrupted by the onset of World War I and then discontinued entirely with the introduction of Prohibition.〔 The product was not popular when it returned in the 1930s, as drinkers now preferred the lighter and cheaper Guinness Extra Stout.〔 Following discontinuation of export during World War II, FES did not return to the United States until 1956, but this was not successful, and the beer was withdrawn shortly afterwards. Prior to 1920, Guinness export sales were mostly to ethnic Anglo Saxons and Celts.〔 From the 1920s onwards this changed, and among the first natives to develop a taste for the drink were the ethnic Chinese of the Malay Peninsula.〔 In 1924, a global Guinness salesman was appointed by the company, and sales began to be pursued among native populations.〔 In 1939, shortly after the outbreak of World War II, the British War Office purchased 500,000 half-pint bottles of FES for distribution to hospitals.〔 In 1951, exports totalled 90,000 barrels, but by 1964 had grown to 300,000 barrels.〔 By 1959, sales in Ghana had grown large enough for Guinness to establish a joint venture in the country with the United Africa Company. By 1962, Nigeria had become the largest export market for Guinness, with around 100,000 barrels exported to the country every year. This led the company to build a brewery in Ikeja in western Nigeria to supply the demand; it was only the third brewery in the company's history. The brewery cost over £2 million, had a 150,000 barrel capacity, and was 60 per cent owned by Guinness Nigeria, 25 per cent by the United Africa Company with the remaining shares held by local Nigerian interests.〔 Breweries followed in Malaysia (1965), Cameroon (1970) and Ghana (1971), whilst licences were granted to other companies to brew Guinness under contract in other African countries and the West Indies.〔http://www.guinness-storehouse.com/en/docs/Papers-Of-The-Dublin-Export-Department.pdf〕 Historically a small proportion of Guinness production, it was this success, especially in Africa but also in Asia, that allowed FES to grow into a 4.5 million hectolitre brand. A new bottle design was debuted in Malaysia in 2005, and later rolled out worldwide.〔(untitled )〕 In 2013, FES received a packaging redesign in Africa and other selected markets, with a gold foil top and a new label. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Guinness Foreign Extra Stout」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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